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Caliphate
A caliphate ((アラビア語:خِلافة) ''khilāfa'') is a form of Islamic government led by a caliph ((アラビア語:خَليفة) ' )—a person considered a political and religious successor to the Islamic prophet, Muhammad (Muḥammad ibn ʿAbdullāh), and a leader of the entire Muslim community.〔 The Rashidun caliphs, who directly succeeded Muhammad as leaders of the Muslim community, were chosen through ''shura, ''a process of community consultation that some consider an early form of Islamic democracy. During the history of Islam after the Rashidun period, many Muslim states, almost all of them hereditary monarchies, have claimed to be caliphates.〔 Even though Caliphates were thought to go back to Muhammad, they were not thought of as having the same prophetic power as he did.
The Sunni branch of Islam stipulates that, as a head of state, a Caliph should be elected by Muslims or their representatives (in practice, however, this devolved into a hereditary monarchic system soon after the beginning of Islam) and from Quraysh. Followers of Shia Islam, however, believe a Caliph should be an Imam chosen by God from the ''Ahl al-Bayt'' (the "Family of the House", Muhammad's direct descendants).
== Etymology ==
Before the advent of Islam, Arabian monarchs traditionally used the title ''malik '' (King, ruler), or another from the same root.
The term ''caliph'' (),〔("calif" ). ''Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary''.〕 derives from the Arabic word ' (, ), which means "successor", "steward", or "deputy" and has traditionally been considered a shortening of either the term ''khalifat Allah'' ("successor to God") or ''khalifat rasul Allah'' ("successor of the messenger of God]"). However, studies of pre-Islamic texts suggest that the original meaning of the phrase was "successor ''selected by'' God."〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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